On the ore-formational affiliation of gold deposits of the Beltau-Kuramin volcano-plutonic belt in Eastern Uzbekistan (according to thermobarogeochemical data)
Keywords:
deposit, gold, thermobarogeochemistry, fluid, ore formation, Eastern Uzbekistan
Abstract
Gold deposits in the Beltau-Kuramin volcano-plutonic belt (Eastern Uzbekistan) are traditionally considered mineral products of the volcanogenic-hydrothermal class of shallow formations. However, geological, geochemical, isotope-geochemical and precise thermo- barogeochemical studies of the physical and chemical conditions of their formation give reason to question their shallow nature. Comparison of the thermobaric conditions of ore-genesis, the chemical composition of the fluid’s aqueous and gas phases, the value of the paleotemperature gradient (ΔT/100 m) of the hydrothermal solutions of the Kochbulak and Kyzil-Alma deposits with those belonging to the medium-depth formation of the plutonic-hydrothermal class (Lyahov, 1988; Lyahov, Pavlun, Piznyur, Popivnyak, 1995) shows that there are much more similarities than differences with genotypic deposits of medium depths. Signs that call into question the shallow nature of gold deposits in the Beltau-Kuramin volcanic-plutonic belt include the following: interspersion of gold ore process and dike magmatism; high-medium temperature level of hydrothermal processes (> 390–200 °С); relatively high pressure in the mineral formation system (from 40 to > 58 MPa); a high content of Na+ and Cl– ions in solutions of fluid inclusions according to the data of triple water extractions and a significant predominance of Na+ over K+ (by two to five times); high and predominant content in the gas phase of the productive stage solutions of CO2 (up to 97 %) and CH4 (up to 45%); the presence in fluid inclusions at room temperature of a liquid phase of CO2 of relatively high density (up to 0.560 g/cm3); high purity of native gold of early generations; exclusively electronic electrical conductivity of galena; relatively insignificant paleotemperature gradient (ΔТ/100 m) in ore bodies of different morphology (15–20 °С/100 m for vein structures and 9–12 °С/100 m for ore-explosive ones). Geological data indicate a large erosion section of ore-conjugated morphostructures, which is at least 2000–2500 m, depending on the depression or domed nature of the volcanic morphostructures. At shallow depths of the formation of the syn-ore paleosurface, the gold deposits would have been completely eroded, while in the modern erosion section there is a large scale of vertical mineralization. Ore-formation correlation of gold deposits in Eastern Uzbekistan increases the prospect of deep horizons of these deposits, as well as gold-bearing areas and ore occurrences, where prospecting and evaluation work will be carried out.References
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2. Badalova, L. P., Goloshchukov, P. M., Gabelko, N. A. (1975). Mineralogicheskaya i geohimicheskaya zonal’nost’ mestorozhdeniya Kochbulak. [Mineralogical and geochemical zonation of the Kochbulak deposit]. Zap. Uzb. otd. Vsesoyuzn. mineral. ob-va. 30, 101–109.
3. Badalova, R. P., Sulejmanov, M. O., Rafikov, I. F. (1970). Produktivnye mineral’nye associacii Kyzyl-Almasajskogo rudnogo polya. [Productive mineral associations of the Kyzyl-Almasai ore field]. Zap. Uzb. otd. Vsesoyuzn. mineral. ob-va. 29, 23-30.
4. Bannikova, L. A., Barsukov, V. L. (1985). Ispol’zovanie izotopnyh i himicheskih dannyh dlya izucheniya okislitel’no-vosstanovitel’nyh reakcij v gidrotermal’nyh sistemah. [Using isotopic and chemical data to study redox reactions in hydrothermal systems]. Geohimiya. 3, 314–323.
5. Borodaevskaya, M. B., Rozhkov, N. S. (1975). Mestorozhdeniya zolota. [Gold deposits]. Rudnye mestorozh- deniya SSSR. M.: Nauka. 2, 87 p.
6. Kovalenker, V. A. (1982). Mineraly olova i ih paragenezisy blizkopoverhnostnogo zolotorudnogo mestorozhdeniya. [Tin minerals and their parageneses of a near-surface gold deposit]. Geol. rudn. mestorozhd. 6. S. 31– 47.
7. Kovalenker, V. A. (1984). Mestorozhdenie Kochbulak: mineralogiya, geohimiya, genezis. [Kochbulak deposit: mineralogy, geochemistry, genesis]. M.: Nauka, 18–24.
8. Kovalenker, V. A., Genkin, I. D., Sazonov, I. G. (1980). Osobennosti sostava glavnyh rudoobrazuyushchih mineralov truboobraznyh rudnyh tel Kochbulakskogo mestorozhdeniya [Features of the composition of the main ore-forming minerals of tubular ore bodies of the Kochbulak deposit]. Metody issledovaniya rudoobrazuyushchih sul’fidov i ih paragenezisov. M.: Nau- ka. 31–43.
9. Kovalenker, V. A., Troneva, N. V. (1980). O zolotosoder- zhashchej blekloj rude. [About gold-bearing fahlore]. Sul’fosoli, platinovye mineraly i nauchnaya mineralogiya. M.: Nauka, 36–49.
10. Kushnarev, I. P. (1961). Glubina formirovaniya endogennyh mestorozhdenij Kuraminskoj strukturno-formacionnoj zony i rol’ erozionnogo sreza v ih razmeshchenii. [The depth of formation of endogenous deposits of the Kuraminskaya structural-formational zone and the role of the erosion cut in their placement]. Geol. rudn. mestorozhd. 6, 28–39.
11. Lyahov, Yu. V. (1988). Flyuidnyj rezhim rudoobrazuyushchih processov i faktory koncentracii zolota v raznoglubinnyh usloviyah. [Fluid regime of ore-forming processes and factors of gold concentration in different depths]. Mіneral. zb. No 42. 2. S. 26–33.
12. Lyahov, Yu. V. (1988). Termobarogeohimicheskie priznaki raznoglubinnogo razvitiya zolotorudnyh formacij. [Thermobarogeochemical signs of different-deep development of gold formations]. Mineral. sb. 42. 1, 30–34.
13. Lyahov, Yu. V., Pavlun, M. M., Piznyur, A. V., Popivnyak, I. V. (1995). Termobarogeohimiya zolota. [Thermobar- ogeochemistry of gold]. L’vov, Svit. 286 s.
14. Markova, E. A. (1967). Mineralogo-geohimicheskie osobennosti zolotorudnogo kvarc-polisul’fidnogo s telluridami mestorozhdeniya. [Mineralogical and geochemical features of the gold ore quartz-polysulfide deposit with tellurides]. Byull. NTI. No 4, 19–29.
15. Markova, E. A. (1969). Mineralogo-geohimicheskie osobennosti zolotorudnyh zhil Kochbulakskogo rudnogo polya. [Mineralogical and geochemical features of gold ore veins of the Kochbulak ore field]. Rudnye formacii i osnovnye cherty metallogenii zolo v Uzbekistane. Tashkent: FAN, 37–48.
16. Ovchinnikov L. N. (1990). Prikladnaya geohimiya. [Applied geochemistry]. M.: Nedra. 246 p.
17. Pavlun, M. M. (2002). Termobaroheokhimichni aspekty heoloho-henetychnoi i rudno-formatsiinoi typizatsii zolotoho zrudeninnia Beltau-Kuraminskoho vulkano-plutonichnoho poiasu u Skhidnomu Uzbekystani. [Thermobarogeochemical aspects of the geological-genetic and ore-formational typification of the gold mineralization of the Beltau-Kuraminsky volcano-plutonic belt near Skhidny Uzbekistan]. Mineral. zb. 53. 2, 78–85.
18. Pavlun, M. M. (2004). Termobaroheokhimiia zolotorudnykh formatsii Skhidnoho Uzbekystanu. [Thermobar- ogeochemistry of gold mine formations in Skhidny Uzbekistan]. Mineral. zb. 54. 1, 92–104.
19. Pavlun, N. N. (2001). Stadijnost’ i termobarogeohimich- eskij rezhim processov rudoobrazovaniya na zoloto- rudnom mestorozhdenii Kyzyl-Almasaj v Vostochnom Uzbekistane. [Stages and thermobarogeochemical regime of ore formation processes at the Kyzyl-Almasai gold deposit in Eastern Uzbekistan]. Tez. Dokl. H mezhdunar. Konf. Po termobarogeohimii. VNIISIMS, 161–164.
20. Pavlun, N. N. (2010). Fiziko-himicheskie usloviya formirovaniya zolotorudnyh formacij Vostochnogo Uzekistana (po termobarogeohimicheskim dannym). [Physical and chemical conditions for the formation of gold ore formations in Eastern Uzbekistan (according to thermobarogeochemical data)]. Rudno-magmaticheskie sistemy orogennyh oblastej. Tashkent. 375–382.
21. Pavlun, N. N., Kostenko, A. I., Kostin, V. A. (1989). Mass-spektrometricheskie issledovaniya uglerod- soderzhashchih soedinenij pri reshenii geneticheskih voprosov na zolotorudnyh ob»ektah Vostochnogo Uzbekistana. [Mass Spectrometric Studies of Carbon-Containing Compounds in Solving Genetic Issues at Gold Mining Sites in Eastern Uzbekistan]. Mater. HII Vsesoyuzn. Simpoziuma po stabil’nym izotopam v geohimii. 198–200.
22. Pavlun, N. N., Piznyur, A. V., Kostenko, A. I. (1985). Ob usloviyah mineraloobrazovaniya na zolotorudnom mestorozhdenii v Vostochnom Uzbekistane (po dannym termobarogeohimii). [On the conditions of min- eral formation at a gold deposit in Eastern Uzbekistan (according to thermobarogeochemistry data)]. Genetich.mod.endog.rudn. Formacij, – Tez. dokl. II Vsesoyuzn. soveshch. Novosibirsk. V.2, .36–38.
23. Petrovskaya, N. V. (1968). O formaciyah zolotorudnyh rud Uzbekistana. [About formations of gold ore in Uzbekistan]. Geol. rudn. mestorozhd. 3, 17–26.
24. Petrovskaya, N. V. (1973). Samorodnoe zoloto. [Native gold]. M.: Nauka. 347 p.
25. Petrovskaya, N. V., Safonov, A. G., Sher, S. D. (1976). Formacii zolotorudnyh mestorozhdenij. [Formations of gold deposits]. Rudnye formacii endogennyh mestorozhdenij. M.: Nauka. V.2, 3–110.
26. Rashidova, G. Sh., Akrilov, Sh. A. (1984). Izuchenie gazovo-zhidkih vklyuchenij v kvarce mestorozhdeniya Kyzyl-Almasaj. [Study of gas-liquid inclusions in quartz from the Kyzyl-Almasai deposit]. Zap. Uzb. otd. Vsesoyuzn. mineral. ob-va. 34, 19–27.
27. Savul, M., Pomerleanu, V. (1961). Paleogeothermo- metrische Forschuugeu sn Bezug auf die Hydrothermali gangleger statte von Bai Sprie. Acta geol. 7, 1-2, 211–213.
28. Sulejmanov M. O. (1969). Mineralogiya zolotorudnyh zhil Kyzyl-Almasajskogo rudnogo polya. [Mineralogy of gold ore veins of the Kyzyl-Almasai ore field]. Rudnye formacii i osnovnye cherty metallogenii zolota v Uzbekistane. Tashkent: FAN, 18–23.
29. Sulejmanov, M. O., Beloplotova, O. V. (1970). K sistematizacii zolotorudnyh proyavlenij Kyzyl-Almasajskogo rudnogo polya. [To the systematization of gold ore manifestations of the Kyzyl-Almasai ore field]. Zap. Uzb. otd. Vsesoyuzn. mineral. ob-va. 23, 25–32.
30. Sulejmanov, M. O., Beloplotova, O. V., CHurbanov, P. V. (1969). Geologiya Kyzyl-Almasajskogo rudnogo polya. [Geology of the Kyzyl-Almasai ore field]. Rudnye formacii i osnovnye cherty metallogenii zolota v Uzbekistane. Tashkent: FAN, 24–29.
31. Uglerod i ego soedineniya v endogennyh processah mineraloobrazovaniya (1975). [Carbon and its compounds in endogenous processes of mineral formation]. L’vov. 115 p.
32. Valejsho, O. O., Goloshchukov, P. M., Gabelko, N. A. (1969). Geologiya Kochbulakskogo rudnogo polya. [Geology of the Kochbulak ore field]. Rudnye formacii i osnovnye cherty metallogenii zolota Uzbekistana. Tashkent. 91–100.
33. Zharikov, V. A. (1967). Kislotno-osnovnye harateristiki mineralov. [Acid-base characteristics of minerals]. Geol. rudn. mestorozhd. 5? 75–89.
Published
2023-01-10
How to Cite
Pavlun, M. (2023). On the ore-formational affiliation of gold deposits of the Beltau-Kuramin volcano-plutonic belt in Eastern Uzbekistan (according to thermobarogeochemical data). Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology, 31(4), 702-710. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15421/112266
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