Chemical composition of different types of natural waters in Ukraine
Keywords:
chemical composition, atmospheric precipitation, surface waters, groundwaters, seawaters
Abstract
The results of studies of the chemical composition in various types of natural waters of the territory of Ukraine – atmospheric precipitation, surface (river and lake), groundwaters and sea waters are comprehensively summarized and presented for the territory of Ukraine in this paper. The chemical composition of Ukraine's natural waters (rivers, lakes, underground aquifers, seas) is the result of the interaction of a combination of natural factors, as well as their location, mainly in the temperate climatic zone. The average long–term mineralization of atmospheric precipitation is usually in the range of 20–40 mg/l, its chemical composition is predominantly sulfate magnesium–calcium. For the chemical composition of water in the small and medium rivers of Ukraine, hydrochemical zoning is observed in the direction from the northwest to the south-east of the country. Mineralization of river waters also increases in this direction (from 200–300 mg/l to 1,500–3,000 mg/l and more). The composition of the water varies from bicarbonate calcium in the north and west to sodium chloridein the south and southeast. The value of mineralization of lake water varies within very wide limits. There are lakes with very fresh water and low salinity (30 mg/l – small lakes of glacial origin in the Ukrainian Carpathians), and lakes whose water has a mineralization of more than 100 g/l (salt lakes of the Crimea). In the chemical composition of groundwater, the territory of Ukraine mainly exhibits vertical hydrochemical zoning, which manifests itself in the separation of zones of intensive or difficult water exchange. Hydrocarbonate or sulfate waters with a small mineralization (up to 1.0 g/l) are characteristic for the zone of active water exchange. Highly mineralized (50–300 g/l and more) chloride, sodium and chloride-sodiumcalcium waters are common in a zone of hindered water exchange. The ionic composition of the Black Sea water has all the characteristic features of ocean waters but differs from them in relative poverty with ions of chlorine and sodium, the average salinity of the Black Sea waters is 18–19 ‰. In the narrow coastal zone near the mouths of large rivers (the Danube, the Dniester, the Southern Bug, the Dnieper) a decrease in the salinity of the Black Sea waters (up to 5–10 ‰) is observed. The main factors that determine the salinity regime in the Azov Sea (10–13 ‰) are the inflow of saline Black Sea and fresh river (the Don and the Kuban rivers) waters that are mixed in the Azov Sea, as well as the arrival of atmospheric precipitation.References
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3. Babinets A.E., Belyavskiy G.A., 1973. Estestvennyie resursyi podzemnyih vod zonyi intensivnogo vodoobmena Ukrainyi (na osnove analiza podzemnogo stoka) [Natural resources of groundwater in the zone of intensive water exchange of Ukraine (based on analysis of underground runoff)]. Naukova dumka, Kiev (in Russian).
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16. Khilchevskyi V. K., Kurylo S.M., 2016. Khimichnyi sklad etmosfernykh opadiv na terytorii Ukrainy ta yoho antropohenna skladova [Chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in Ukraine and its anthropogenic component]. Hidrolohiia, hidrokhimiia i hidroekolohiia. 4(43), 63–74. (in Ukrainian).
17. Khilchevskyi V.K., Osadchyi V.I., Kurylo S.M. 2012. Osnovy hidrokhimii [Basics of hydrochemistry]. Nika-tsentr, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
18. Khilchevskyi V.K., Romas I.M., Romas M.I. ta in., 2007. Hidroloho-hidrokhimichna kharakterystyka minimalnoho stoku richok baseinu Dnipra [Hydro-hydrochemical characteristic of the minimum runoff of the Dnipro River basins]. Nika-Tsentr, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
19. Khil'chevskiy V.K., 1994. Effect of agricultural production on the chemistry of natural waters: a survey. Hydrobiological Journal. 30(1), 82–93.
20. Khil'chevskii V.K., Chebot'ko K.A., 1994. Evaluation of the ecological and hydrochemical state of natural waters in Ukraine. Water Resources. 21(2), 166–172.
21. Khil'chevskii V.K., Khil'chevskii R.V., Gorokhovskaya M.S., 1999. Environmental aspects of chemical substance discharge with river flow into water bodies of the Dnieper River basin. Water Resources. 26(4), 453–458.
22. Kosovets-Skavronska O.O., Snizhko S.I., 2008. Chasova transformetsiia khimichnoho skladu etmosfernykh opadiv na terytorii Ukrainy [Time transformation of the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in Ukraine]. Ekonomichna ta sotsialna heohrafiia. 58, 242–252 (in Ukrainian).
23. Linnik P.N., Nabivanets B.I., 1986. Formyi migretsii metallov v presnyih poverhnostnyih vodah [Forms of migration of metals in fresh surface waters]. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad (in Russian).
24. Mitropolskiy A.Yu., Bezborodov A.A., Ovsyanyiy E.I., 1982. Geohimiya Chernogo morya [Geochemistry of the Black Sea]. Naukova dumka, Kiev (in Russian).
25. Ohnianyk M. S., 2000. Mineralni vody Ukrainy [Mineral waters of Ukraine]. Kyivskyi universytet, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
26. Osadchyi V.I., Nabyvanets B.I., Osadcha N.M., Nabyvanets Yu.B., 2008. Hidrokhimichnyi dovidnyk [Hydrochemical Directory]. Nika-Tsentr, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
27. Osadchyy V., Nabyvanets B., Linnik P., Osadcha N., Nabyvanets Y., 2016. Processes Determining Surface Water Chemistry. Springer.
28. Peleshenko V.I. 1975. Otsenka vzaimosvyazi himicheskogo sostava razlichnyih tipov prirodnyih vod (na primere ravninnoy chasti Ukrainyi) [Assessment of the relationship between the chemical composition of various types of natural water (for example, the plains of Ukraine)]. Vyischa shkola, Kiev (in Russian).
29. Peleshenko V.I., Zakrevskiy D.V., Gorev L.N., Romas' N.I., Khil'chevskiy W.K., 1989. Hydrochemical problems in developing natural resources in the Ukrainian SSR. Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva. 121(3), 244–249.
30. Romas M.I., 2002. Hidrokhimiia vodnykh obiektiv etomnoi i teplovoi enerhetyky [Hydrochemistry of water objects of nuclear and thermal energy]. VPTs «Kyivskyi universytet», Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
31. Romas N.I., 1979. O formirovanii himicheskogo sostava etmosfernyih osadkov v razlichnyih fiziko-geograficheskih zonah USSR [On the formation of the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in various physico-geographical zones of the USSR]. Fizicheskaya geografiya i geomorfologiya. 21, 126–131.(in Russian).
32. Savitskii V.N., Stets'ko N.S., Osadchii V.I., Khil'chevskii V.K., 1994. Content and distribution of some pollutants in Danube water. Water Resources. 20(4), 462–468.
33. Sherstiuk N.P., Khilchevskyi V.K., 2012. Osoblyvosti hidrokhimichnykh protsesiv u tekhnohennykh ta pryrodnykh vodnykh obiektakh Kryvbasu [Features of hydrochemical processes in man-made and natural water objects of Kryvbas]. Aktsent, Dnipropetrovsk (in Ukrainian).
34. Shestopalov V.V. (editor), 2009. Formuvannia mineralnykh vod Ukrainy [Formation of mineral waters of Ukraine]. Naukova dumka, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
35. Skopintsev B.A., 1975. Formirovanie sovremennogo himicheskogo sostava vod Chernogo morya [Formation of the modern chemical composition of the Black Sea waters]. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad (in Russian).
36. Snizhko S.I., 2006. Teoriia i metody analizu rehionalnykh hidrokhimichnykh system [Theory and methods of analysis of regional hydrochemical systems]. Nika-Tsentr, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
37. Vodnyi kodeks Ukrainy, 1995 (z dopovnenniamy iz 2000 r.) [The Water Code of Ukraine, 1995 (with amendments from 2000 year] (in Ukrainian). Retrieved from http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/213/95–%D0%B2%D1%80.
38. Vodnyi fond Ukrainy: Shtuchni vodoimy –vodoskhovyshcha i stavky, 2015. [Water Fund of Ukraine. Artificial reservoirs – reservoirs and ponds]. Interpres, Kyiv(in Ukrainian).
39. Zabokrytska M.R., Khilchevskyi V.K., Manchenko A.P., 2006. Hidroekolohichnyi stan baseinu Zakhidnoho Buhu na terytorii Ukrainy [Hydroecological state of the basin of the Western Bug on the territory of Ukraine]. Nika-Tsentr, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
40. Zakrevskyi D.V., 1992. Otsenka vliyaniya osushitelnyih melioratsiy na himicheskiy sostav rechnyih vod [Assessment of the influence of drainage melioration on the chemical composition of river water]. Melyoretsyia y vodnoe khoziaistvo. 76, 66–71 (in Russian).
41. Zakrevskii D.V., Peleshenko V.I., Khil'chevskii V.K., 1988. Dissolved load of Ukrainian rivers. Water Resources. 15(6), 547–557.
42. Zhuravleva L.A., 1989. Gidrohimiya ustevoy oblasti Dnepra i Yuzhnogo Buga v usloviyah zaregulirovannogo rechnogo stoka [Hydrochemistry of the estuary region of the Dnieper and the Southern Bug in conditions of regulated river flow]. Naukova dumka, Kiev (in Russian).
2. Almazov A.M., 1962. Gidrohimiya ustevyih oblastey rek [Hydrochemistry of estuarine river areas]. AN USSR, Kiev (in Russian).
3. Babinets A.E., Belyavskiy G.A., 1973. Estestvennyie resursyi podzemnyih vod zonyi intensivnogo vodoobmena Ukrainyi (na osnove analiza podzemnogo stoka) [Natural resources of groundwater in the zone of intensive water exchange of Ukraine (based on analysis of underground runoff)]. Naukova dumka, Kiev (in Russian).
4. Babinets A. E., Borevskiy B. V., Shestopalov V. M. i dr., 1979. Formirovanie ekspluetetsionnyih resursov podzemnyih vod pletformennyih struktur Ukrainyi [Formation of operational resources of underground waters of platform structures of Ukraine]. Naukova dumka, Kiev (in Russian).
5. Denisova A.I., Timchenko V.M., Nahshina E.P. i dr., 1989. Gidrologiya i gidrohimiya Dnepra i ego vodohranilisch [Hydrology and hydrochemistry of the Dnieper and its reservoirs]. Naukova dumka, Kiev (in Russian).
6. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the Community action in the field of weter policy. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/weter/weter–framework/index_en.html.
7. Eremeeva L.V., Eremeev V.N., Bezborodov A.A., 1984. Issledovanie migretsii mikroelementov zhelezo–margantsevoy gruppyi v vode i osadkah glubokovodnoy chasti Chernogo morya. V kn.: Kompleksnyie issledovaniya Chernogo morya. [Study of the migration of trace elements in the iron-manganese group in the water and sediments
of the deep-water part of the Black Sea. In the book: Comprehensive Research of the Black Sea]. Sevastopol (in Russian).
8. Gorev L.N., Peleshenko V.I., 1991. Osnovyi melioretivnoy gidrohimii [Fundamentals of meliorative hydrochemistry]. Vyischa shkola, Kiev (in Russian).
9. Horiev L.M., Peleshenko V.I., Khilchevskyi V.K., 1995. Hidrokhimiia Ukrainy [Hydrochemistry of Ukraine]. Vyshcha shkola, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
10. Kamzist Zh. S., Shevchenko O. L., 2009. Hidroheolohiia Ukrainy [Hydrogeology of Ukraine]. Firma «INKOS», Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
11. Khilchevskyi V.K., 1996. Rol ahrokhimichnykh zasobiv u formuvanni yakosti vod baseinu Dnipra [The role of agrochemicals in shaping the water quality of the Dnipro basin]. VPTs «Kyivskyi universytet», Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
12. Khilchevskyi V.K., Chunarov O.V., Romas M.I., Yetsiuk M.V., 2009. Vodni resursy ta yakist richkovykh vod baseinu Pivdennoho Buhu [Water resources and quality of river basins of the Southern Bug]. Nika-Tsentr, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
13. Khilchevskyi V.K., Honchar O.M., Zabokrytska M.R., Stashuk V.A., Chunarov O.V., 2013. Hidrokhimichnyi rezhym ta yakist poverkhnevykh vod baseinu Dnistra na terytorii Ukrainy [Hydrochemical regime and quality of surface waters of the Dniester basin in the territory of Ukraine]. Nika-tsentr, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
14. Khilchevskyi V. K., Hrebin V.V., 2017. Hidrohrafichne ta vodohospodarske raionuvannia terytorii Ukrainy, zetverdzhene u 2016 r. – realizetsiia polozhen VRD ЕS [Hydrographic and water-management zoning of the territory of Ukraine, approved in 2016 - Implementation of the provisions of the EU WFD]. Hidrolohiia, hidrokhimiia i hidroekolohiia. 1(44), 8–20.(in Ukrainian).
15. Khilchevskyi V.K., Kravchynskyi R.L., Chunarov O.V., 2012. Hidrokhimichnyi rezhym ta yakist vody Inhultsia v umovakh tekhnohenezu [Hydrochemistry and water quality of Ingulets in the conditions of technogenesis]. Nika-Tsentr, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
16. Khilchevskyi V. K., Kurylo S.M., 2016. Khimichnyi sklad etmosfernykh opadiv na terytorii Ukrainy ta yoho antropohenna skladova [Chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in Ukraine and its anthropogenic component]. Hidrolohiia, hidrokhimiia i hidroekolohiia. 4(43), 63–74. (in Ukrainian).
17. Khilchevskyi V.K., Osadchyi V.I., Kurylo S.M. 2012. Osnovy hidrokhimii [Basics of hydrochemistry]. Nika-tsentr, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
18. Khilchevskyi V.K., Romas I.M., Romas M.I. ta in., 2007. Hidroloho-hidrokhimichna kharakterystyka minimalnoho stoku richok baseinu Dnipra [Hydro-hydrochemical characteristic of the minimum runoff of the Dnipro River basins]. Nika-Tsentr, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
19. Khil'chevskiy V.K., 1994. Effect of agricultural production on the chemistry of natural waters: a survey. Hydrobiological Journal. 30(1), 82–93.
20. Khil'chevskii V.K., Chebot'ko K.A., 1994. Evaluation of the ecological and hydrochemical state of natural waters in Ukraine. Water Resources. 21(2), 166–172.
21. Khil'chevskii V.K., Khil'chevskii R.V., Gorokhovskaya M.S., 1999. Environmental aspects of chemical substance discharge with river flow into water bodies of the Dnieper River basin. Water Resources. 26(4), 453–458.
22. Kosovets-Skavronska O.O., Snizhko S.I., 2008. Chasova transformetsiia khimichnoho skladu etmosfernykh opadiv na terytorii Ukrainy [Time transformation of the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in Ukraine]. Ekonomichna ta sotsialna heohrafiia. 58, 242–252 (in Ukrainian).
23. Linnik P.N., Nabivanets B.I., 1986. Formyi migretsii metallov v presnyih poverhnostnyih vodah [Forms of migration of metals in fresh surface waters]. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad (in Russian).
24. Mitropolskiy A.Yu., Bezborodov A.A., Ovsyanyiy E.I., 1982. Geohimiya Chernogo morya [Geochemistry of the Black Sea]. Naukova dumka, Kiev (in Russian).
25. Ohnianyk M. S., 2000. Mineralni vody Ukrainy [Mineral waters of Ukraine]. Kyivskyi universytet, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
26. Osadchyi V.I., Nabyvanets B.I., Osadcha N.M., Nabyvanets Yu.B., 2008. Hidrokhimichnyi dovidnyk [Hydrochemical Directory]. Nika-Tsentr, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
27. Osadchyy V., Nabyvanets B., Linnik P., Osadcha N., Nabyvanets Y., 2016. Processes Determining Surface Water Chemistry. Springer.
28. Peleshenko V.I. 1975. Otsenka vzaimosvyazi himicheskogo sostava razlichnyih tipov prirodnyih vod (na primere ravninnoy chasti Ukrainyi) [Assessment of the relationship between the chemical composition of various types of natural water (for example, the plains of Ukraine)]. Vyischa shkola, Kiev (in Russian).
29. Peleshenko V.I., Zakrevskiy D.V., Gorev L.N., Romas' N.I., Khil'chevskiy W.K., 1989. Hydrochemical problems in developing natural resources in the Ukrainian SSR. Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva. 121(3), 244–249.
30. Romas M.I., 2002. Hidrokhimiia vodnykh obiektiv etomnoi i teplovoi enerhetyky [Hydrochemistry of water objects of nuclear and thermal energy]. VPTs «Kyivskyi universytet», Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
31. Romas N.I., 1979. O formirovanii himicheskogo sostava etmosfernyih osadkov v razlichnyih fiziko-geograficheskih zonah USSR [On the formation of the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in various physico-geographical zones of the USSR]. Fizicheskaya geografiya i geomorfologiya. 21, 126–131.(in Russian).
32. Savitskii V.N., Stets'ko N.S., Osadchii V.I., Khil'chevskii V.K., 1994. Content and distribution of some pollutants in Danube water. Water Resources. 20(4), 462–468.
33. Sherstiuk N.P., Khilchevskyi V.K., 2012. Osoblyvosti hidrokhimichnykh protsesiv u tekhnohennykh ta pryrodnykh vodnykh obiektakh Kryvbasu [Features of hydrochemical processes in man-made and natural water objects of Kryvbas]. Aktsent, Dnipropetrovsk (in Ukrainian).
34. Shestopalov V.V. (editor), 2009. Formuvannia mineralnykh vod Ukrainy [Formation of mineral waters of Ukraine]. Naukova dumka, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
35. Skopintsev B.A., 1975. Formirovanie sovremennogo himicheskogo sostava vod Chernogo morya [Formation of the modern chemical composition of the Black Sea waters]. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad (in Russian).
36. Snizhko S.I., 2006. Teoriia i metody analizu rehionalnykh hidrokhimichnykh system [Theory and methods of analysis of regional hydrochemical systems]. Nika-Tsentr, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
37. Vodnyi kodeks Ukrainy, 1995 (z dopovnenniamy iz 2000 r.) [The Water Code of Ukraine, 1995 (with amendments from 2000 year] (in Ukrainian). Retrieved from http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/213/95–%D0%B2%D1%80.
38. Vodnyi fond Ukrainy: Shtuchni vodoimy –vodoskhovyshcha i stavky, 2015. [Water Fund of Ukraine. Artificial reservoirs – reservoirs and ponds]. Interpres, Kyiv(in Ukrainian).
39. Zabokrytska M.R., Khilchevskyi V.K., Manchenko A.P., 2006. Hidroekolohichnyi stan baseinu Zakhidnoho Buhu na terytorii Ukrainy [Hydroecological state of the basin of the Western Bug on the territory of Ukraine]. Nika-Tsentr, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
40. Zakrevskyi D.V., 1992. Otsenka vliyaniya osushitelnyih melioratsiy na himicheskiy sostav rechnyih vod [Assessment of the influence of drainage melioration on the chemical composition of river water]. Melyoretsyia y vodnoe khoziaistvo. 76, 66–71 (in Russian).
41. Zakrevskii D.V., Peleshenko V.I., Khil'chevskii V.K., 1988. Dissolved load of Ukrainian rivers. Water Resources. 15(6), 547–557.
42. Zhuravleva L.A., 1989. Gidrohimiya ustevoy oblasti Dnepra i Yuzhnogo Buga v usloviyah zaregulirovannogo rechnogo stoka [Hydrochemistry of the estuary region of the Dnieper and the Southern Bug in conditions of regulated river flow]. Naukova dumka, Kiev (in Russian).
Published
2018-07-10
How to Cite
Khilchevskyi, V., Kurylo, S., & Sherstyuk, N. (2018). Chemical composition of different types of natural waters in Ukraine. Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology, 27(1), 68-80. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15421/111832
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