Environmental polluting effects of liquid wastes and phosphate sludge generated by the Djebel Onk mining complex
Keywords:
Pollution, Phosphate sludge, Environment, Trace elements, Tebessa, Algeria
Abstract
The production of phosphate concentrates is confronted with problems of treatment of wastes, of which the quantities are considerable. These wastes contain a large number of elements that are harmful to the environment. In this case, of phosphate wastes from Djebel Onk in the form of sludge that are the subject of our work, several trace elements have been recorded in limited levels. Indeed, elements such as lead and chromium have levels that exceed 60 and 300 ppm respectively. They far exceed the requirements of the mineral industry. The legislation, the severity of which varies from country to country, increasingly requires rigorous management and monitoring of these wastes in order to guarantee the protection of the environment from these toxic substances contained in the wastes. This work focuses on the management of phosphate wastes from Djebel Onk in liquid or sludge form. Current practices on their evacuation from neighbouring valleys to the operating site may harm the local environment. Moreover, the flow of this sludge which is increasingly thickened becomes more difficult. In this context, for environmental considerations and in order to define a concept linked to sustainable development, this study advocates a new approach in the recovery of phosphate wastes. It is based on the intrinsic properties of the present minerals determined by qualitative and quantitative analysis developed by different characterization techniques (XRD, XRF, IR, etc.). This makes it possible to define the chemical and mineralogical composition of liq- uid phosphate wastes which are rich in calcite (44.45 % in CaO) to those of phosphate elements (21 % in P2O5) and gangue minerals such as dolomite (7, 6 % in MgO), and quartz (5.8 % in SiO2). The microscopic observations carried out on these wastes showed the presence of the main minerals identified by XRD: fluorapatite, hydroxylapatite, carbonate, dolomite, calcite and quartz. The sought objective is to contribute to controlling these impurities to recover them from the water generated by the industrial installations for the exploitation of these materials with a view to their reuse in the laundries of the mining complex.References
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2. Bech, J., Suarez, M., Reverter, F., Tume P., Sanchez P., Lansac A. (2010). Selenium and other trace elements in phosphate rock of Bayovar-Sechura (Peru). J. Geo- chem. Explor. 107, 136- 145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. gexplo.2009.08.004
3. Belaid, A. (1993). Les valeurs limites des rejets d’effluents liquides industriels, Journal Officiel de la République Algérienne, Décret exécutif n° 93-160, 5-17.
4. Bezzi, N., Merabet, D., Benabdeslam, N., Pivan, JY. (2004). Enrichissement du minerai de phosphate à gangue car- bonatée du gisement de Bled El Hadba-Algérie. Les Techniques de l‘Industrie Minérale, 23, 85-99.
5. Bezzi, N., Aïfa, T., Hamoudi, S., Merabet, D. (2012). Trace elements of Kef Es Sennoun natural Phosphate (Djebel Onk, Algeria) and how they affect the various Mineralurgic modes of treatment, Procedia Engineering, 42, 1915-1927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pro- eng.2012.07.588
6. Bouzenzana, A. (2013). Harmful elements in concentrates them of phosphate and method of disposal case of "Djeb- el-Onk" Algeria, the journal of ore dressing, 15, 25-30.
7. Chen, M. et Graedel, T. E. (2015). The potential for mining trace elements from phosphate rock. Journal of Clean- er Production, 91, 337-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jclepro.2014.12.042
8. Darrouzes J. (2007). Spectromètre De Masse A Plasma A Couplage Inductif (ICPMS) A Cellule De Collision/ Réaction (CC/R) Pour L‘analyse Clinique. Performances Et Applications A L‘analyse Elémentaire Et à la Spéciation. Annales De Toxicologie Analytique. https://doi.org/10.1051/ata:2007015
9. Dassamiour, M., Mezghache, H., Elouadi, B. (2011). The use of three physicochemical methods in the study of the organic matter associated with the sedimenta- ry phosphorites in Djebel Onk Basin, Arabian Journal of Geosciences 6 (2), https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517- 011-0381-9
10. Directive européenne, 1986 relative à la protection de l’environnement et notamment des sols lors de l’utilisation des boues d’épuration en agriculture, Journal Offi- ciel de la République Françaises n°86-278.
11. Gutiérrez-Ravelo, A., Gutiérrez, A. J., Paz, S., Carrasco- sa-Iruzubiet,a C., González-Weller, D., Caballero, J. M. (2020).Toxic Metals (Al, Cd, Pb) and Trace Element (B, Ba, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sr, V, Zn) Levels in Sarpa Salpa from the North-Eastern Atlantic Ocean Region Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17(19), 7212; https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph17197212
12. Heckenmüller, M., Narita, D., Klepper, G. (2014). Glob- al Availability of Phosphorus and Its Implications for Global Food Supply: An Economic Overview. Kiel Institute for the World Economy, 1897.
13. Herzel, H., Krüger, O., Hermann, L., Adam, C. (2016). Sewage sludge ash – A promising secondary phos- phorus source for fertilizer production, Sci. Total Environ. 542, 1136–1143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.05
14. Kratz, S., Schick, J., Schnug, E. (2016). Trace elements in rock phosphates and P containing mineral and organo-mineral fertilizers sold in Germany, Sci. Total Environ. 542, 1013–1019. doi:10.1016/j.scito- tenv.2015.08.046.
15. Lassis, M. Mizane, A. Dadda, N. Rehamnia, R. (2015). Dissolution of Djebel Onk phosphate ore using sulfuric acid, Monitoring & Management Environmental Nanotechnology, 4, 12-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. enmm.2015.03.002
16. Mizane, A., Rehamnia, R. (2012). Study of some parameters to obtain the P2O5 water-soluble from partially acidulated phosphate rocks (PAPRs) by sulfuric acid, Phosphorus Research Bulltin, 27, 18-22. https://doi. org/10.3363/prb.27.18
17. Proidak, A., Gasyk, M., Proidak, Y. (2021). Research into phosphate mineral composition and waste phosphorite ore. Mining of Mineral Deposits, 15 (1), 96-102. https://doi.org/10.33271/mining15.01.096
18. Sinirkaya, M., Ozer, A.K., Gulabo ̆glu, M.S. (2014). Investigation of the solubilities of sulfated and ground phos- phate rock after sulfation in H2SO4 solution. Pamuk- kale Univ. J. Eng. Sci., 20 (7), 253-257. https://doi. org/10.5505/pajes.2014.19484
19. Taha, Y. Benzaazoua, M. Mansori, M. Yvon, J. Kanari, N. Hakkou, R. (2016). «Natural Clay substitution by calamine processing wastes to manufacture fired bricks», Journal of Cleaner Production, no.1, 847-858. Doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.200.
20. Tahri, T., Bezzi N., Bouzenzana, A. Benghadab k.M., Benselhoub A. (2022). Use of natural phosphate wastes in the manufacture of construction bricks, Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, 5, 39-45. https://doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2022-5/039
21. Tahri, T. Bouzenzana, A. Bezzi, N. (2019), Characterization and homogenization of Bled El-Hadba phosphate ore, case of Djebel Onk (Algeria), Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, 2, 28-35. https://doi.org/10.29202/nvngu/2019-2/4
22. U.S., 2022. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries.
23. Yang, C., Cui, C., Qin, J., Cui, X. (2014). Characteristics of the fired bricks with low silicon iron tailings. Con- struction and Building Materials, 70, 36-42. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.075
Published
2023-04-11
How to Cite
Tahri, T., Narsis, S., Bezzi, N., Grairia, A., Benghadab, K., & Benselhoub, A. (2023). Environmental polluting effects of liquid wastes and phosphate sludge generated by the Djebel Onk mining complex. Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology, 32(1), 178-184. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15421/112317
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