Social and geographical aspects of development of urbanizational process in Ukraine

. The article examines the development of the urbanization process in Ukraine, highlights its stages and describes the factors that influenced the formation and development of cities. Considerable attention is paid to the peculiarities of the periods of urbanization in our country. In particular, the following stages of this process are highlighted: the emergence of the first cities and Greek colonial cities, the emergence of ancient Russian cities as defense and artisan centers, the strengthening of urban development under the influence of the development of manufactory production, transport routes, rapid urban development under the influence of industrialization, the formation of agglomerations and the modern period the development of urban settlements, which is characterized by the phenomenon ofdeurbaniza-tion. The main factors that had an impact on the formation of urban settlements in each period were identified, the largest cities that were formed at the time. The periods of prosperity and decline of cities, causes of urbanization, suburbanization anddeurbanization, transformation of functions of cities in the modern period and their role in resettlement systems are revealed. It is noted that the stages of prosperity of Ukrainian cities at the end of the XX century vary in the stage of evolutionary development, and later in degradation. This is evidenced by changes in the number of urban population and the number of cities in Ukraine. The main ways of the emergence of modern cities from the social and economic crisis are outlined. Cities, as centers of new territorial communities, will take on new functions. They will become centers of social and economic transformation, business centers for surrounding terri-tories. To do this, it is necessary to determine for each city the main industry of production or services, which would be a "driver" for its further development. At the same time possible or rebranding (the restoration of activity that was previously in the city), or the creation of new types of economy, for the development of which are local resources. The importance of forming a modern city as a source of innovations is emphasized, which will allow it to become the center of investment transformation of territorial communities for the future.

and decline (V-VIII century BC -IV century of our era); 2) the emergence of ancient Russian cities as defensive and craft centers, their slow development and decay (IX -XIII centuries); 3) the slow development of cities as centers of crafts, trade, defense (XIV -early XIX century.); 4) intensification of the development of cities under the influence of the development of manufactory production, transport routes (mid XIX century -the beginning of XX century.); 5) the rapid development of cities under the influence of industrialization, the formation of agglomerations (mid-twentieth century -the end of the twentieth century.); 6) deurbanization, stagnation of socioeconomic development of urban settlements.
To study each of the stages, the historicalgeographical method, analysis and comparison, statistical, and others are used. Results and their analysis. The first cities in Ukraine arose in the Northern Black Sea coast in the VII -V centuries B.C. These were ancient Greek colonies, shopping centers on the Black Sea coast and in the Crimea -Tiristak, Pantikapai, Olbia, Chersonesos, Thira, Nympheus, and others. They existed until the fifth century BC, until their decline led to the collapse of the slave system and the invasion of neighboring tribes, especially the Huns.
From the VI th century Ants mounds -fortified settlements -appear at the same time as defensive functions as exchange and handicraft centers. Most of them were built up during the times of Kievan Rus, becoming cities (they had a center and a suburb). There were about 300 such cities in the tenth century , most of them were in the Dnieper, Galicia and Volhynia. Some cities were founded by the princes Galich, Lviv, Yaroslav, Izyaslav, Volodymyr. Among the princely cities, only Kyiv and Chernihiv had more than 1000 inhabitants, others were smaller. These are Pereyaslav, Terebovl, Vyshgorod, Buzk, Lyubech, Lutsk, Izyaslav, Halych, Lviv, Glukhiv, Krymaneysk, Bakota, Korsun and others. These cities were centers of trade, education and culture, but almost all of them were destroyed during the Mongol-Tatar invasion (XIII century.).
In the following centuries (until the XVIII century), the city revived and arose very slowly. The feudal system with the undeveloped markets of agricultural and handicraft products did not contribute to this. The emergence of new cities was con-ditioned by the needs of the defense, especially from the attacks of the Crimean Tatar hordes. So there were defensive castles that grew out of the city -Kamyanets, Medzhybizh, Khotin, Skala, Smotrych and others. In the XIV -XVI centuries the title of the cities was just over 1000 settlements. Since the XIV century many cities receive the Magdeburg law, which allowed them to have fairs, judicial and administrative authorities, and to exercise local self-government. They acquired the external features of Western European cities.
Magdeburg Law is one of the most common forms of local government in central and eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (from the XII century.).
In Hungary (and in Transcarpathia), there existed the Nuremberg law (XIV century), it was provided by the Hungarian king -they were Hust, Tyachiv, Mukachevo, Vyshkovo (similar to Magdeburg Law).
At the end of XIII -beginning XIV century the Russian and Galician-Volyn princes provided the Magdeburg right to the German colonies that had arisen in the metropolitan cities of the Kingdom of Russia -Halych, Volodymyr-Volyn, Lviv, Kholm. Later, this right was granted to entire communities. Already in the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries, during the reign of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish Crown, the Magdeburg Law was extended to a number of cities originally from Western Ukraine, and then Central and Northern. The boundary between the settlements with the Magdeburg Law took place along the borders of the Commonwealth and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with Muscovy, approximately along the Nizhyn -Chernihiv -Lubny -Poltava lines.
There was a decline in trade and manufactory production at the end of XVI -during the XVIII century. In the territory that was currently part of Austria-Hungary and where a number of economic reforms were carried out, the number of factories (cloth, glass, silk, etc.) grew, which contributed to the development of cities. At the same time, in the rest of the territory that was part of the Russian Empire at this time, the development of manufactory production was restrained by feudal relations until the middle of the XIX century.
Cityes especially collapsed after the abolition of Magdeburg Law. The Russian authorities destroyed the Magdeburg Law in the XIX century.
There were 970 cities in the XVI century, most of them layed in Kyiv, Volyn, Podilsky, and Russian Voivodeships. There were such cities as Konotop, Fastov, Gadyach, Mirgorod, Uman, Haysin, Boryspil, Berdychiv, Krolevets, Stryi, Borislav, Drohobych and others. In the middle of the XVII century there were 756 cities in Ukraine.Over 1,4 million people lived there (Kompan, 1963). However, they were small and sparsely populated. In most cities there were 1 to 3 thousand people, and in the towns of 700-800 inhabitants.These were settlements -centers of crafts and trade, many of them differed from the surrounding villages only by fairs and in the future turned into villages.
The division of Ukraine between Polish and Russian spheres of influence (1686) determined various ways of developing cities in the Right Bank and the Left Bank parts of Ukraine. In the first half of the XVII century. Cities in the western part collapsed as a result of the continuous wars of the Polish gentry and their policy of limiting selfgovernment, and their population declined. Instead, there were new cities as a result of colonization on the Left Bank.
In the middle of the XVII century there were 117 towns in the Hetman state, the largest of which were Baturin, Glukhiv, Kiev, Nizhyn, Chernihiv, Pereyaslav, Lubny, Poltava, Mirgorod, Kozelets, Gadyach and others. The population of these cities was several thousand inhabitants. Even the population of Kiev did not exceed then 15 thousand people, although this city became the cultural center of the Hetmanate due to the placement of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, churches, monasteries, and printing houses. Important cities were the Hetman capitals (Baturin and Glukhov), Chernihiv, Pereyaslav, Novgorod-Siversky, Poltava and others.
The cities in Sloboda Ukraine from the middle of the XVII century were founded, first in the form of military dwellings, which later developed handicrafts. Already at the end of the seventeenth century the population of some of them reached about 10 thousand lives. (Kharkiv, Okhtyrka, Sumy, Ostrog, etc.). As in the cities of the Hetmanate, the main occupations of the population were farming and handicrafts.
In status of cities also left those settlements where the manufactories began to emerge. These villages increased the influx of peasants to landlords or state-owned factories, and accordingly the number of urban residents gradually increased. Especially this process was significant on the territory of Sloboda Ukraine and the Left Bank, as well as the western regions, which were part of Austria-Hungary.
But in general, the process of urbanization was slow until the XIX century. At the beginning of this century, the urban population was 5% of the total (Dotsenko, 1972), and according to A. Dotsenko, this is the level of urbanization that has been achieved during the long historical development of intensive urbanization processes, due to the influence of new social and economic factors (Dotsenko, 1972). Such factors were the development of industry, the widespread use of hired labor, the elimination of feudal relations. Urbanization occurred slowly through the use of forced serf labor at the beginning of the XIX century. But already in its midst, when manufacturing production is dying, and the large machinery industry is rapidly developing, the number of urban residents (freelance workers) is markedly increasing. In the middle of the XIX century, from the 850 cities and towns of all Ukrainian lands, only 62 had a population of more than 10 thousand people and only 5 -more than 50 thousand people (Odesa, Kiev, Lviv, Berdichev, Kharkiv).
Since the end of the XVIII century new cities appear in the south of Ukraine, which was colonized by Russia. The first cities were the border fortresses for the protection of the southern borders of the empire (Yelisavetgrad, Ekaterinoslav, Novomirgorod, Alexandria) and the access to the seas (Kherson, Nikolaev, Odessa, and Mariupol). The significance of the cities of Vinnytsia, the White Church, Mogilev and others has increased. In the western part of Ukraine, as a result of the development of broken roads between Lviv and Vienna, trade between the big cities grew rapidly (Przemysl, Yaroslav, Lviv, Brody, Chernivtsi, Uzhgorod, etc.).
At the end of the eighteenth century The elimination of Turkish and Tatar domination in the south of Ukraine and the Reunification of the Right Bank and Left-Bank Ukraine in the composition of Russia was important for the urbanization process. The Russian authorities carried out construction of a number of fortifications from the Dnieper to the Azov Sea. On the basis of fortifications, the towns of Alexandria, Tokmak, Berdyansk appeared later, in the lower reaches of the Dnieper -the harbors Kherson, Gola Prystan, Glyboka Prystan, Nikolaev fortifications, Voznesensk appear. The port of Odessa was opened in the 90's.
The number of urban population in the middle of the XIX century amounted over 2.5 million people (1858), and its share -21.4% (Volohodtsev, 1930). At this time, there were 113 cities and 547 towns (Volohodtsev, 1930), all of them were small, only 9 cities had more than 100 thousand inhabitants. But in the second half of this century an industrial revolution had place.The expansion of the domestic and international market of goods, the development of capitalist relations in agriculture led to high rates of urbanization. The influx of rural population into cities after the abolition of serfdom, the construction of railways and industrial enterprises has affected the rapid growth of cities. The rapid growth of the size of the working class has become an important sign of the increase of urban residents. And already according to the population census of 1897, 4.9 million people lived in cities in Ukraine, ie 74% more than in 1858. Large changes in the number of urban settlements and urban population occurred at that time in the Donbass and the Dnieper, where large coalmetallurgical bases were formed. Especially large cities grew, four of which in 1897 were: Odessa, Kiev, Kharkiv, Ekaterinoslav, that had more than 100 thousand inhabitants. For this period, large flows of migrants from rural areas to the cities of Prydniprovia and Donbass are characteristic, they continued in the early twentieth century.And the decrease in the number of cities can be explained by the exception of the towns of many fictitious cities that did not meet the new criteria for their classification as urban settlements.
The cities that layed along the railways and in the mining and industrial areas (Stanislaviv, Stryi, Drohobych, Boryslav, Yuzovka, Kamianske, Debaltsevo, etc.) developed best. Extraction of iron ore in Krivbass and coal in the Donbass led to "the life" of many mining towns, and steelmaking -the city. Along with compact form cities developed linear cities, drawn along the railways and rivers around mineral deposits. Table 1. Geographical features of urbanization in Ukraine in the middle of the XIX -early XX century (Volohodtsev, 1930) 1858 Significant changes in the number of urban settlements and urban population occurred during the twentieth century. At its beginning, there is a slow increase in urban dwellers due to the massive loss of people on the fronts of the First World War and civil wars, through repressions and famines. The census of the urban population in 1926 recorded a slight decrease in the number of urban settlements, as a result of streamlining the allocation criteria for towns, for them, in addition to the population of more than 500 people, a condition was established that no more than half of the active population should be employed in agriculture. Thus, 47 settlements lost the status of cities.
At the same time, a category of urban-type settlements was introduced. Since 1924 cities were considered as settlements that had at least 10 thousand inhabitants, and urban areas -not less than 3 thousand inhabitants, if most of them were not employed in agriculture. As a result, many villages have turned into urban areas. Already in 1926, within the boundaries of the Ukrainian SSR, there were 80 cities and 322 settlements, and their number was constantly increasing.
30-40 years of the twentieth century are characterized by high rates of urbanization, which was the result of the process of industrialization in the country. At first, the villagers who suffered from the Holodomor (1932)(1933) flew to the cities, and later the rural population left for industrial new buildings that needed a huge number of workers' hands. Already in 1928, the urban population of Ukraine amounted to over 6,0 million people, and its share increased by 34,5% (the share of the total population increased by 10%). In 1932, the proportion of urban residents was 22.7%, the highest was in the Donbass -54% and in Prydniprovia -26.5%. Types and forms of urbanization in different regions of Ukraine in the 40 years of the twentieth century were unequal. In 1931, re-registration of urban settlements was carried out. Of the number of urban settlements, many small settlements were excluded, in which the population engaged in agricultural activity.
At the same time 106 settlements are included in the city, first of all in the Dnipro and Donbass. This is a settlement at mines and factories. They had the largest increase in population due to the accelerated development of the fuel and steel industry, which formed the basis of industrialization of the country.
A characteristic feature of urbanization in the prewar period was the emergence of new cities and towns. Only in 1933-1938 the status of the city was given to 65 settlements, many urban settlements, which were territorially close, were united into new cities. Already in 1939 there were 16 large cities in Ukraine, of which 5 had more than 500 thousand people (Kyiv, Donetsk, Kharkiv, Odessa, Dnipropetrovsk), 20 cities had more than 100 thousand people. At the same time, most of the cities were small -less than 20 thousand people lived in each of the 84% of urban settlements. During the Second World War, there was a significant decrease in the population of cities, as well as the destruction of urban infrastructure throughout the territory of Ukraine. The restoration of urban populations occurred both at the expense of natural growth and as a result of intensive migrations of rural residents to cities in the postwar period. This time (50-60's of the twentieth century) is characterized by the highest rates of urbanization for the entire period of development of cities in Ukraine. Already in 1959 the network of urban settlements consisted of 332 cities and 744 urbantype settlements, and the share of urban residents in the country's population was 45.7%. During 1939-1959 gg., The urban population grew by 41.3%. In this case, both large and medium and small cities grew. But the majority of urban settlements already occupied a group of small cities (87%), a third of urban residents lived in which.
Over 43.7% of urban residents lived in large cities (there were 24). Cities, especially centers of regions, became the main centers of industrialization in the postwar period, with a particularly rapid pace. Other functions of the cities were expanded due to the concentration of powerful industrial enterprises, industrial and social infrastructure facilities in them. Small cities and towns are endowed with administrative functions (centers of districts) and they also get a boost to socio-economic development due to concentration of institutions of district significance. The number of small cities increased especially in the 60s of the 20th century. Many of them existed with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants, and 17 towns less than 5,000 people (Bibra, Komarno, Pidhaytsi, Belz, Rudka, etc.). The number of cities has stabilized already in the 70's and 80's of the twentieth century, and the number of urban residents has increased quite slowly. From 1959 to 1970, only in 20 small towns the population increased, and at 25 -it decreased. In the Donbass and Prydniprov'ia, the number of small cities diminished because of their merger with large ones.
1/4 of the urban population lived in small cities, which accounted for 80% of the number of cities in Ukraine, at that time. Many of them had a weak economic base; for 167 of them, industry was not the main function, it wass local business centers, resorts and transport centers. The number of small cities remains in the future, changing mainly due to administrative changes. The population is mostly enlarged by large cities, which peaked in the 80's and 90's of the twentieth century. According to the population census of 1970, two cities -Kyiv and Kharkiv -were cities-millionaires, six cities had more than 500 thousand lives. 53 settlements received the status of the city from 1959 to 1970, and settlements of urban type -113 settlements.
An important feature of urbanization in the 80-90 years of the twentieth century is the formation of agglomerations -forms of interconnected urban settlement. Such forms were formed as a result of the merger of territorially close urban settlements. They cover a large city (the core of the agglomeration) and cities that tend to it (satellite cities). City satellites are designed to unload the city by bringing enterprises and establishments from the main city to them, providing the core of the agglomeration with the labor force, developing close trade, financial, cultural, recreational ties with such a core. The main feature of this stage of urbanization is the expansion of the suburbs, which is the result of urbanization of the countryside (suburbanization). The suburbs are an area directly adjacent to the city where the urban lifestyle is spreading, where the urban population is resting, and the rural working in the city. The suburbs pass into the so-called district, or zone of influence of a large city (its size is determined by the level of development of transport and the size of the socioeconomic base of the nucleus).
Due to the intensive development of large cities and the problems associated with it (transport, food, environmental, etc.) in the 80's there is a need to regulate their development, while the development of small cities has become a priority. For this purpose, scientists of the RVPS of Ukraine developed programs for the development of small cities on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of their conditions of development (A. Dotsenko, L. Hanechko, L. Koretsky, V. Pitjurenko, F. Zastavny, etc.). They considered priority development in small cities of industrial production and compiled a list of small cities, where this industry should have been leading (Pitiurenko, 1975).According to these studies, Ukraine was offered a number of measures that would promote a more rational urban settlement: 1) Restrictions on industrial production in large cities (Kyiv, Kharkiv, Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Odessa, Lviv, Zaporizhzhya), promotion of branches of large industrial enterprises in small cities located in the zone of influence of large cities; 2) Transport development, construction of electric power lines, development of communal services in small cities; 3) Development of local crafts based on the use of local resources, the creation of new enterprises to ensure the employment of local people; 4) In agrarian regions, to strengthen the for-mation on the basis of small cities of agroindustrial, organizational, economic and cultural centers of inter-district significance; 5) In the cities -resort and health centers provide a rational ratio of development of industrial and recreational functions, not allowing excessive industry development at the expense of resorts.
These measures began to be implemented in the country, but this process was interrupted by the emergence of crisis phenomena that appeared in the economic, social, demographic and other spheres of life of the population, which most manifested itself in the 90 years of the twentieth century. and to its end.
Stages of prosperity of Ukrainian cities at the end of XX century vary in the stage of evolutionary development, and later in degradation. This is evidenced by changes in the number of urban population and the number of cities in Ukraine. In particular, from 1989 to 2001, according to census data, the number of urban residents decreased by 1.7 million people (or 5.1%), although the proportion of urban residents in the country increased from 66.7 to 67.2%. The reason for this is the depopulation of the population in the country, both rural and urban. Reducing the influx of rural residents into the city as a result of the deterioration of their socio-economic base has also led to lower rates of urbanization in the years to come. The level of urbanization in 2013 was higher than this level in 2001 by 1.8% (69%), but its increase was achieved due to much higher rates of depopulation of the rural population compared to urban ones. Reducing the number of urban residents in recent years (from 2001 to 2013 by 1.2 million people) with a rise in their share in the total population is a sign of the downward orientation of the urbanization process. With an almost unchanged number of cities in Ukraine (456 such), the population of them all decreases both as a result of the natural decrease in the population in them and due to much less rural migration to them. Particularly this process was felt by small towns with a narrow economic base (1-2 industrial enterprises, etc.); they turned into monofunctional cities, mainly with the function of servicing the population of the surrounding rural area. The rate of urban population reduction is greatest in the industrial regions of Ukraine, where many towns, having lost their jobs for their inhabitants, have become destitute.
During this period, under the influence of the polarization of the economic space, there is a hypertrophied development of large cities and the decay of many small, increasing inequalities in the development of urban settlements.
The decline of the population of large cities at the end of the XX century, in addition to general reasons, occurred in some way at the expense of the resettlement of urban residents in the countryside (mostly pensioners who had previously left the villages to work in cities). This became a sign of deurbanization, which lasted for a short time and was amplified at the expense of wealthy residents of large cities. A characteristic feature of deurbanization is the expansion of suburban areas due to the "elite" development of their territory, which takes place against the backdrop of significant degradation of the countryside. In addition to the range of dacha settlements, which were formed predominantly in the 90-ies of XX century, there are socalled cottage towns marked by the development of infrastructure, a combination of a high level of improvement of dwellings with natural landscapes.
The de-urbanization stage will change in the urban development of a new stage of urbanization, which will be conditioned by an increase in the role of cities in the development of territories, which will be carried out in the process of reforming the administrative-territorial structure of Ukraine. Cities, as centers of new territorial communities, will take on new functions. They will become centers of socio-economic transformation, business centers for surrounding territories. To do this, it is necessary to determine for each city the main industry of production or services, which would be a "driver" for its further development. At the same time possible or rebranding (the restoration of activity that was previously in the city), or the creation of new types of economy, for the development of which are local resources. In addition to this industry, the city must have a wider range of services to meet its own needs and needs among the inhabitants of the surrounding countryside. It should also become a source of innovation, the center of investment transformation of territorial communities in the long run.
Cities, being in a state of socio-economic decline, accumulate certain potential, adapting to changes, and under the condition of innovation development will become powerful accelerators of socio-economic changes in our country.
At the same time, with the inclusion of large cities in global economic processes, small cities do not take part in them.In such conditions, problems of sustainable development of cities are intensified, which can be solved only on the basis of the study of the territory, improving the management of urban space, etc.
According to O. Topchiev, "the basic problem of further life of cities is the search for their better or optimal territorial organization -architectural, planning, settlement, functional planning, landscape and architectural (Topchiiev, 2001), that will be aimed at creating an environmentally safe environment of life of the population. Conclusions. The urbanization process is a consistent change in urban situations. It has four stages in Ukraine,: the first -before the XVIII th century (the emergence and slow development of cities), the second -XVIII-XIX centuries (increasing of the number of cities and the concentration of population in them), the third -in the XX th century -(the beginning of the expansion of the functions of cities and increasing their size, the formation of agglomerations), the fourth (the end of the XXearly XXI st.) -the decline of social and economic development of cities. The gradual transition of cities to innovation development centers is a new stage in the development of the urbanization process.
But these stages do not coincide in time with the same in Europe. This is especially true of the latest stages, which are lagging behind the European process for about 50-100 years. If in Europe the rapid development of cities falls on the nineteenth century, in Ukraine -in the twentieth century, then. A characteristic feature of the urbanization process in the twentieth century is the formation of megalopolises in Eurasia and America. The suburbanization stage ended with the formation of 35 agglomerations in Ukraine.
At the current stage of development of cities in Ukraine, they are given an important role -to become centers of new units of administrativeterritorial system. At the same time, cities will take on new functions. They will become centers of social and economic transformation, business centers for surrounding territories. It is necessary to determine for each city the main industry of production or services, which would be a "stimulator" for its further development, rebrand or identify new types of economic activity of cities. In this case, important attention should be directed to the intro-duction of the latest technologies and information provision, favorable ecological situation of these territories.